Evidence

Article		Citation
020	Bladder Leakage	¹ International Standards Organization. ISO 11948-1: Urine-absorbing aids Part 1: Whole product testing. Geneva: International Standards Organization; 1996. 1996.
		² Hellstrom L, Ekelund P, Larsson M, Milsom I. Adapting incontinent patients incontinence aids to their leakage volumes. Scand J Caring Sci 1993;7(2):67-71.
		³ Gibb H, Wong G. How to choose: nurses' judgements of the effectiveness of a range of currently marketed continence aids. J Clin Nurs 1994 Mar;3(2):77-86.
		⁴ ICS Glossary of Terminology. International Continence Society, 2019. https://www.ics.org/glossary
		⁵ Proudfoot LM, Farmer ES, McIntosh JB. Testing incontinence pads using single-case research designs. Br J Nurs 1994 Apr 14;3(7):316, 318-20, 322.
		⁶ Cottenden A, Fader M, Beeckman D, Bliss D, Buckley B, Kitson-Reynolds E, et al. Management using Continence Products. In: Abrams P CL, Wein A, Wagg A, editor. Incontinence 6th International Consultation on Incontinence, Tokyo 2016. 6: ICS/ICUD; 2017
		⁷ Koch T, Kralik D, Eastwood S, Schofield A. Breaking the silence: women living with multiple sclerosis and urinary incontinence. Int J Nurs Pract 2001 Feb;7(1):16-23.
		⁸ Hocking C. Function or feelings: factors in abandonment of assistive devices. Technology and Disability 1999;(11):3-11.
		⁹ Phillips B, Zhao H. Predictors of assistive technology abandonment. Assist Technol 1993;5(1):36-45.
		¹⁰ McMillen A-M, Soderberg S. Disabled persons' experience of dependence on assistive devices. Scandinavian Journal of Occupational Therapy 2002;(9):176-83.
003	Bowel Leakage	¹ Cottenden A, Fader M, Beeckman D, Bliss D, Buckley B, Kitson-Reynolds E, et al. Management using Continence Products. In: Abrams P CL, Wein A, Wagg A, editor. Incontinence 6th International Consultation on Incontinence, Tokyo 2016. 6: ICS/ICUD; 2017
		² Gibb H, Wong G. How to choose: nurses' judgements of the effectiveness of a range of currently marketed continence aids. J Clin Nurs 1994 Mar;3(2):77-86.
		³ Lewis SJ & Heaton KW. Stool form scale as a useful guide to intestinal transit time. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1997 Sep;32(9):920-4
		⁴ Proudfoot LM, Farmer ES, McIntosh JB. Testing incontinence pads using single-case research designs. Br J Nurs 1994 Apr 14;3(7):316, 318-20, 322.
		⁵ Phillips B, Zhao H. Predictors of assistive technology abandonment. Assist Technol 1993;5(1):36-45.
		⁶ Koch T, Kralik D, Eastwood S, Schofield A. Breaking the silence: women living with multiple sclerosis and urinary incontinence. Int J Nurs Pract 2001 Feb;7(1):16-23.
		⁷ Hocking C. Function or feelings: factors in abandonment of assistive devices. Technology and Disability 1999;(11):3-11.
		⁸ McMillen A-M, Soderberg S. Disabled persons' experience of dependence on assistive devices. Scandinavian Journal of Occupational Therapy 2002;(9):176-83.
002.001	About You	¹ Boge J, Callewaert S, Petersen KA. The Impact of Bathroom Design on Privacy for Users with Special Needs. Ageing Inter- national. 2019;44(3):300-17
		² Sim S, Barr CJ, George S. Comparison of equipment prescriptions in the toilet/bathroom by occupational therapists using home visits and digital photos, for patients in rehabilitation. Australian Occupational Therapy Journal. 2015;62(2):132-40.
025	Mobility	¹ Fader M, Barnes E, Malone-Lee J, Cottenden A. Continence. Choosing the right garment. Nurs Times 1987 Apr 15;83(15):78-85.
		² Fader M, Cottenden A, Getliffe K, Gage H, Clarke-O'Neill S, Jamieson K, et al. Absorbent products for urinary/faecal incontinence: a comparative evaluation of key product designs. Health Technol Assess 2008 Jul;12(29):iii-185.
028	Body Shape	¹ Buckley B. User perspectives, preferences and priorities relating to products for managing bladder and bowel dysfunctions. J Engineering in Medicine 2017. DOI: 10.1177/0954411917750193
		² Dunn S, Paterson J, Kowanko I , et al. Final report in relation to services for development of a consumer guide and information on continence products. Canberra, ACT, Australia: Department of Health and Aged Care, 2000.
		³ Muller N, McInnis E. The development of national quality performance standards for disposable absorbent products for adult incontinence. Ostomy Wound Manage 2013; 59(9): 40–55.
		⁴ Vickerman J. Selecting urinals for male patients. Nursing Times 102(19):47-8, 2006 May 9;-15.
026	Hand Control	¹ Fader M, Cottenden A, Getliffe K, Gage H, Clarke-O'Neill S, Jamieson K, et al. Absorbent products for urinary/faecal incontinence: a comparative evaluation of key product designs. Health Technol Assess 2008 Jul;12(29):iii-185.
		² Logan K, Shaw C, Webber I, Samuel S, Broome L. Patients' experiences of learning clean intermittent self-catheterization: a qualitative study. J Adv Nurs 2008 Apr;62(1):32-40.
		³ Fowler C. Bladder Problems. Letchworth, UK: MS Research Trust; 1998.
		⁴ Vickerman J. Selecting urinals for male patients. Nursing Times 102(19):47-8, 2006 May 9;-15.
030	Day or Night	¹ Fader M, Cottenden A, Getliffe K, Gage H, Clarke-O'Neill S, Jamieson K, et al. Absorbent products for urinary/faecal incontinence: a comparative evaluation of key product designs. Health Technol Assess 2008 Jul;12(29):iii-185.
032	Laundry	¹ Aumônier S, Collins M. Life cycle assessment of disposable and reusable nappies in the UK. London: Environmental Agency; 2005.
035	Independence	¹ Naylor JR, Mulley GP. Commodes: inconvenient conveniences. BMJ 1993 Nov 13;307(6914):1258-60.
		² Fernando J, Wagg A. What Wait Time in a Soiled Pad Is Acceptable to Older Patients and Their Direct Caregivers? J Wound Ostomy Continence Nurs. 2017;44(6):562-7
036	Paying for Products	¹ Wagg AS, Newman DK, Leichsenring K, van Houten P. Developing an internationally-applicable service specification for continence care: Systematic review, evidence synthesis and expert consensus. PloS One. 2014; 9 (8): e104129
		² Newman D, Buckley B, Gordon D, Griebling T, Pretty L, Wang K, Gartley C, Norton C. Continece promotion, education & primary prevention. In: Abrams P, Cardozo L, Khoury S, Wein A, editors. Incontinence. 5th edition. ICUD-EAU 2013. P 1787-1827.
		³ Walker GJ, Gunasekera P. Pelvic organ prolapse and incontinence in developing countries: review of prevalence and risk factors. Intl Uro-gyne J. 2011; 22 (2): 127-35.
		⁴ Wilks S, Morris N, Delgado D, Prieto J, Moore K, Macaulay M, et al. Development of an effective and acceptable cleaning method to allow safe re-use of plain, uncoated catheters for intermittent catheterisation. Neurourol Urodyn; 2016; 35 (S4): S449-51
		⁵ Macaulay M, Morris N, Wilks S, Delgado D, Prieto J, Fader M. A novel, evidence-based method for reprocessing catheters used for intermittent catheterisation. Neurourol Urodyn; 2016; 35 (S4): S463-5
037	Personal Preferences	¹ Cottenden A, Fader M, Beeckman D, Bliss D, Buckley B, Kitson-Reynolds E, et al. Management using Continence Products. In: Abrams P CL, Wein A, Wagg A, editor. Incontinence 6th International Consultation on Incontinence, Tokyo 2016. 6: ICS/ICUD; 2017
		² Getliffe K, Fader M, Cottenden A, Jamieson K, Green N. Absorbent products for incontinence: 'treatment effects' and impact on quality of life. Journal of Clinical Nursing 16(10):1936-45, 2007 Oct.
		³ Macaulay M, Broadbridge J, Gage H, Williams P, Birch B, Moore KN, Cottenden A, Fader MJ. A trial of devices for urinary incontinence after treatment for prostate cancer. BJU Int. 2015 Sep;116(3):432-42
		⁴ Fader MJ, Cottenden AM, Gage HM, et al. Individual budgets for people with incontinence: results from a ‘shopping’ experiment within the British National Health Service. Health Expect 2014; 17(2): 186–196.
		⁵ Buckley B. User perspectives, preferences and priorities relating to products for managing bladder and bowel dysfunctions. J Engineering in Medicine 2017. DOI: 10.1177/0954411917750193
		⁶ Dunn S, Paterson J, Kowanko I, et al. Final report in relation to services for development of a consumer guide and information on continence products. Canberra, ACT, Australia: Department of Health and Aged Care, 2000.
		⁷ Fader M, Cottenden A, Getliffe K, et al. Absorbent products for urinary/faecal incontinence: a comparative evaluation of key product designs. Health Technol Assess 2008; 12(29): iii–iv, ix–185.
004	Absorbent products for women	¹ Buckley B. User perspectives, preferences and priorities relating to products for managing bladder and bowel dysfunctions. J Engineering in Medicine 2017. DOI: 10.1177/0954411917750193
		² Fader M, Cottenden A, Getliffe K, Gage H, Clarke-O'Neill S, Jamieson K, et al. Absorbent products for urinary/faecal incontinence: a comparative evaluation of key product designs. Health Technol Assess 2008 Jul;12(29):iii-185.
		³ Grant R. Washable pads or disposable diapers? Geriatr Nurs 1982 Jul;3(4):248-51.
		⁴ Brown DS. Diapers and underpads, Part 2: Cost outcomes. Ostomy Wound Manage 1994 Nov;40(9):34-6, 38, 40.
		⁵ Hu TW, Kaltreider DL, Igou JF. Disposable versus reusable incontinent products: a controlled cost-effectiveness experiment. Ostomy Wound Manage 1988;21:46-53.
		⁶ Beber CR. Freedom for the incontinent. Am J Nurs 1980 Mar;80(3):482-4.
		⁷ Getliffe K, Fader M, Cottenden A, Jamieson K, Green N. Absorbent products for incontinence: 'treatment effects' and impact on quality of life. Journal of Clinical Nursing 16(10):1936-45, 2007 Oct.
		⁸ Cottenden AM, Fader MJ, Pettersson L, Clinton L, Dean GE, Malone-Lee J, et al. Disposable, shaped bodyworn pads with pants for heavy incontinence. London, UK: Medical Devices Agency; 1998. Report No.: IN1.
		⁹ Clarke-O'Neill S, Fader MJ, Pettersson L, Clinton L, Dean G, Malone-Lee J, et al. Disposable pads for light incontinence. London, UK: Medical Devices Agency; 2002. Report No.: IN9.
		¹⁰ International Standards Organization. ISO 11948-1: Urine-absorbing aids Part 1: Whole product testing. Geneva: International Standards Organization; 1996. 1996.
		¹¹ Cottenden AM, Ledger DJ. Predicting the leakage performance of bodyworn disposable incontinence pads using laboratory tests. J Biomed Eng 1993 May;15(3):212-20.
		¹² Cottenden AM, Fader MJ, Pettersson L, Brooks RJ. How well does ISO 11948-1 (the Rothwell method) for measuring the absorption capacity of incontinence pads in the laboratory correlate with clinical pad performance. Medical Engineering & Physics 25(7):603-13, 2003 Sep.
		¹³ Fernando J, Wagg A. What Wait Time in a Soiled Pad Is Acceptable to Older Patients and Their Direct Caregivers? J Wound Ostomy Continence Nurs. 2017;44(6):562-7
		¹⁴ Teerawattananon Y, Anothaisintawee T, Tantivess S, Watta- nadilokkul U, Krajaisri P, Yotphumee S, et al. EFFECTIVENESS OF DIAPERS AMONG PEOPLE WITH CHRONIC INCONTINENCE IN THAILAND. International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care. 2015;31(4):249-55.
		¹⁵ Cottenden, A. An investigation of laboratory test methods for predicting the in-use leakage performance of urine-absorbing aids in nursing homes, . In: Macaulay, M, editors. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part H: Journal of Engineering in Medicine2019. p. 23-34.
		¹⁶ Alam PA, Burkett LS, Clark BA, White NC, Tefera EA, Richter LA. Randomized Cross-over Comparison of Icon (TM) Reusable Underwear to Disposable Pads for the Management of Mild to Moderate Urinary Incontinence. Female Pelvic Medicine and Reconstructive Surgery. 2018;24(2):161-5
004.001	Light bladder leakage in women	¹ Fader M, Cottenden A, Getliffe K, Gage H, Clarke-O'Neill S, Jamieson K, et al. Absorbent products for urinary/faecal incontinence: a comparative evaluation of key product designs. Health Technol Assess 2008 Jul;12(29):iii-185.
		² Cottenden A, Fader M, Beeckman D, Bliss D, Buckley B, Kitson-Reynolds E, et al. Management using Continence Products. In: Abrams P CL, Wein A, Wagg A, editor. Incontinence 6th International Consultation on Incontinence, Tokyo 2016. 6: ICS/ICUD; 2017
		³ Clarke-O'Neill S, Pettersson L, Fader M, Dean G, Brooks R, Cottenden A. A multicentre comparative evaluation: washable pants with an integral pad for light incontinence. J Clin Nurs 2002 Jan;11(1):79-89.
		⁴ Clarke-O'Neill S, Pettersson L, Fader M, Cottenden A, Brooks R. A multicenter comparative evaluation: disposable pads for women with light incontinence. Journal of Wound, Ostomy, & Continence Nursing 31(1):32-42, 2004 Jan;-Feb.
		⁵ Erekson EA, Meyer SA, Melick C, McLennan MT. Incontinence pads: recommending the best product-based wetback performance and price. Int Urogynecol J 2008.
004.002	Moderate / heavy bladder leakage in women	¹ Fader M, Cottenden A, Getliffe K, Gage H, Clarke-O'Neill S, Jamieson K, et al. Absorbent products for urinary/faecal incontinence: a comparative evaluation of key product designs. Health Technol Assess 2008 Jul;12(29):iii-185.
		² Cottenden A, Fader M, Beeckman D, Bliss D, Buckley B, Kitson-Reynolds E, et al. Management using Continence Products. In: Abrams P CL, Wein A, Wagg A, editor. Incontinence 6th International Consultation on Incontinence, Tokyo 2016. 6: ICS/ICUD; 2017
		³ Fader MJ, Pettersson L, Clinton L, Dean GE, Brooks RD, Cottenden AM. Disability Equipment Assessment Report, All-in-one disposable bodyworn pads for heavy incontinence. Medical Devices Agency (UK); 1999. Report No.: IN.4.
		⁴ Clancy B, Malone-Lee J. Reducing the leakage of body-worn incontinence pads. J Adv Nurs 1991 Feb;16(2):187-93.
		⁵ Macaulay M, Clarke-ONeill S, Fader M, Pettersson L, Cottenden A. Are washable absorbents effective at containing urinary incontinence? Nursing Times 100(12):58-62, 2004 Mar 23;-29.
005.001	Light bladder leakage in men	¹ Macaulay M, Pettersson L, Fader M, Brooks R, Cottenden A. Absorbent products for men with light incontinence: an evaluation. UK: Medical Devices Agency; 2005.
		² Cottenden A, Fader M, Beeckman D, Bliss D, Buckley B, Kitson-Reynolds E, et al. Management using Continence Products. In: Abrams P CL, Wein A, Wagg A, editor. Incontinence 6th International Consultation on Incontinence, Tokyo 2016. 6: ICS/ICUD; 2017
		³ Fader M, Cottenden A, Getliffe K, Gage H, Clarke-O'Neill S, Jamieson K, et al. Absorbent products for urinary/faecal incontinence: a comparative evaluation of key product designs. Health Technol Assess 2008 Jul;12(29):iii-185.
005.002	Moderate / heavy bladder leakage in men	¹ Fader M, Cottenden A, Getliffe K, Gage H, Clarke-O'Neill S, Jamieson K, et al. Absorbent products for urinary/faecal incontinence: a comparative evaluation of key product designs. Health Technol Assess 2008 Jul;12(29):iii-185.
		² Cottenden A, Fader M, Beeckman D, Bliss D, Buckley B, Kitson-Reynolds E, et al. Management using Continence Products. In: Abrams P CL, Wein A, Wagg A, editor. Incontinence 6th International Consultation on Incontinence, Tokyo 2016. 6: ICS/ICUD; 2017
		³ Fader MJ, Pettersson L, Clinton L, Dean GE, Brooks RD, Cottenden AM. Disability Equipment Assessment Report, All-in-one disposable bodyworn pads for heavy incontinence. Medical Devices Agency (UK); 1999. Report No.: IN.4.
		⁴ Macaulay M, Clarke-ONeill S, Fader M, Pettersson L, Cottenden A. Are washable absorbents effective at containing urinary incontinence? Nursing Times 100(12):58-62, 2004 Mar 23;-29.
007	Female Devices	¹ Nygaard I. Prevention of exercise incontinence with mechanical devices. J Reprod Med 1995 Feb;40(2):89-94.
		² Realini JP, Walters MD. Vaginal diaphragm rings in the treatment of stress urinary incontinence. J Am Board Fam Pract 1990 Apr;3(2):99-103.
		³ Bhatia NN, Bergman A. Pessary test in women with urinary incontinence. Obstet Gynecol 1985 Feb;65(2):220-6.
		⁴ Cameron A, Wallner L, Tate DG, Sarma S, Rodriguez G, Clemens JQ. Bladder management after spinal cord injury in the United States 1972 to 2005. Journal of Urology 2010.
		⁵ Thyssen H, Lose G. New disposable vaginal device (continence guard) in the treatment of female stress incontinence. Design, efficacy and short term safety. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1996 Feb;75(2):170-3.
		⁶ Thyssen H, Sander P, Lose G. A vaginal device (continence guard) in the management of urge incontinence in women. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct 1999;10(4):219-22.
		⁷ Morris A, Moore KH. The Contiform incontinence device - efficacy and patient acceptability. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct 2003.
		⁸ Allen WA, Leek H, Izurieta A, Moore KH. Update: the 'Contiform' intravaginal device in four sizes for the treatment of stress incontinence. International Urogynaecology Journal and Pelvic Floor Dysfunction 2008.
		⁹ Glavind K. Use of a vaginal sponge during aerobic exercises in patients with stress urinary incontinence. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct 1997;8(6):351-3.
		¹⁰ Ziv E, Stanton SL, Abarbanel J. Significant improvement in the quality of life in women treated with a novel disposable intravaginal device for stress urinary incontinence. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct 2009.
		¹¹ Farage M, Aronstein W, Miller KW, Karram M, Katz M, Hertzman B. A Disposable Intravaginal Device for the Management of Stress Urinary Incontinence. The open women's health journal 2011.
		¹² Biswas NC. A silastic vaginal device for the treatment of genuine stress incontinence. Neurourology & Urodynamics 1988;(7):271-2.
		¹³ Kondo A, Yokoyama E, Koshiba K, Fukui J, Gotoh M, Yoshikawa Y, et al. Bladder neck support prosthesis: a nonoperative treatment for stress or mixed urinary incontinence. J Urol 1997 Mar;157(3):824-7.
		¹⁴ Moore KH, Simons A, Dowell C, Bryant C, Prashar S. Efficacy and user acceptability of the urethral occlusive device in women with urinary incontinence. J Urol 1999 Aug;162(2):464-8.
		¹⁵ Ding J, Chen C, Song CX, Zhang L, Deng M, Zhu L. Changes in prolapse and urinary symptoms after the fitting of a ring pessary with support in women with advanced pelvic organ prolapse. Urol. 2016; 87; 70-75
		¹⁶ Manchana T, Bunyavejchevin S. Impact on quality of life after ring pessary use for pelvic organ prolapse. Int Urogynecol J. 2012; 23 (7):873-7.
		¹⁷ Lone F, Thakar R, Sultan AH. One-year prospective comparison of vaginal pessaries and surgery for pelvic organ prolapse using the validated ICIQ-VS and ICIQ-UI (SF) questionnaires. Int Urogynecol J. 2015; 26 (9):1305-12.
		¹⁸ National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Urinary incontinence and pelvic organ prolapse in women: management. NICE guideline NG123 2019
		¹⁹ Suarez GM, Baum NH, Jacobs J. Use of standard contraceptive diaphragm in management of stress urinary incontinence. Urology 1991 Feb;37(2):119-22.
		²⁰ Davila GW, Neal D, Horbach N, Peacher J, Doughtie JD, Karram M. A bladder-neck support prosthesis for women with stress and mixed incontinence. Obstet Gynecol 1999 Jun;93(6):938-42.
		²¹ Hahn I, Milsom I. Treatment of female stress urinary incontinence with a new anatomically shaped vaginal device (Conveen Continence Guard). Br J Urol 1996 May;77(5):711-5.
		²² Gorti M, Hudelist G, Simons A. Evaluation of vaginal pessary management: a UK-based survey. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 2009.
		²³ Scarabelot, Karoline & Pereira, Franciele & Ghizzo, Luana & Willing, Jéssica & Virtuoso, Janeisa. (2018). Use of pessary in the treatment of pelvic floor dysfunctions: A systematic review. Physiotherapy Quarterly. 2018. 1-8.
		²⁴ Dueñas JL, Miceli A. Effectiveness of a continuous-use ring- shaped vaginal pessary without support for advanced pelvic organ prolapse in postmenopausal women. Int Urogynecol J. 2018;29(11):1629-36.
		²⁵ Miceli A, Fernández-Sánchez M, Polo-Padillo J, Dueñas-Díez J-L. Is it safe and effective to maintain the vaginal pessary without removing it for 2 consecutive years? International Ur- ogynecology Journal. 2020;31(4):1023-9
		²⁶ Brubaker L, Harris T, Gleason D, Newman D, North B. The external urethral barrier for stress incontinence: a multicenter trial of safety and efficacy. Miniguard Investigators Group. Obstet Gynecol 1999 Jun;93(6):932-7.
		²⁷ Sirls LT, Foote JE, Kaufman JM, Lightner DJ, Miller JL, Moseley WG, Nygaard IE, Steidle CP. Long-term results of the FemSoft urethral insert for the management of female stress urinary incontinence. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct. 2002;13(2):88-95
		²⁸ Brook G, Tessema AB. Obstetric fistula: the use of urethral 101. plugs for the management of persistent urinary incontinence following successful repair. Int Urogynecol J. 2013;24(3):479- 84
		²⁹ Dunn M, Brandt D, Nygaard I. Treatment of exercise incon- tinence with a urethral insert: a pilot study in women. Phys Sportsmed. 2002;30(1):45-8
010.001.001.001.001	External Urethral Devices	¹ Eckford SD, Jackson SR, Lewis PA, Abrams P. The continence control pad--a new external urethral occlusion device in the management of stress incontinence. Br J Urol 1996 Apr;77(4):538-40.
		² Brubaker L, Harris T, Gleason D, Newman D, North B. The external urethral barrier for stress incontinence: a multicenter trial of safety and efficacy. Miniguard Investigators Group. Obstet Gynecol 1999 Jun;93(6):932-7.
		³ Versi E, Harvey MA. Efficacy of an external urethral device in women with genuine stress urinary incontinence. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct 1998;9(5):271-4.
		⁴ Moore KH, Simons A, Dowell C, Bryant C, Prashar S. Efficacy and user acceptability of the urethral occlusive device in women with urinary incontinence. J Urol 1999 Aug;162(2):464-8.
		⁵ Tincello DG, Bolderson J, Richmond DH. Preliminary experience with a urinary control device in the management of women with genuine stress incontinence. Br J Urol 1997 Nov;80(5):752-6.
		⁶ Tincello DG, Adams EJ, Bolderson J, Richmond DH. A urinary control device for management of female stress incontinence. Obstet Gynecol 2000 Mar;95(3):417-20.
		⁷ Bellin P, Smith J, Poll W, Bogojavlensky S, Knoll D, Childs S, et al. Results of a multicenter trial of the CapSure (Re/Stor) Continence shield on women with stress urinary incontinence. Urology 1998 May;51(5):697-706.
		⁸ Shinopulos NM, Dann JA, Smith JJ, III. Patient selection and education for use of the CapSure (Re/Stor) continence shield. Urol Nurs 1999 Jun;19(2):135-40.
010.001.001.001.002	Internal Urethral Devices	¹ Balmforth J, Cardozo LD. Trends toward less invasive treatment of female stress urinary incontinence. Urology 2003 Oct;62(4 Suppl 1):52-60.
		² Dunn M, Brandt D, Nygaard I. Treatment of exercise incontinence with a urethral insert: a pilot study. The Physician and Sports Medicine 2002 Jan;30(1).
		³ Nielsen KK, Walter S, Maegaard E, Kromann-Andersen B. The urethral plug II: an alternative treatment in women with genuine urinary stress incontinence. Br J Urol 1993 Oct;72(4):428-32.
		⁴ Nielsen K, Walter S, Maegaard E, Kromann-Andersen B. The urethral plug : an alternative treatment of women with urinary stress incontinence. (Danish). Ugeskrift for Laeger 1995;157(22):3194-7.
		⁵ Peschers U, Zen RF, Schaer GN, Schussler B. The VIVA urethral plug: a sensible expansion of the spectrum for conservative therapy of urinary stress incontinence?. Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd 1996 Mar;56(3):118-23.
		⁶ Staskin D, Bavendam T, Miller J, Davila GW, Diokno A, Knapp P, et al. Effectiveness of a urinary control insert in the management of stress urinary incontinence: early results of a multicenter study. Urology 1996 May;47(5):629-36.
		⁷ Miller JL, Bavendam T. Treatment with the Reliance urinary control insert: one-year experience. J Endourol 1996 Jun;10(3):287-92.
		⁸ Sand PK, Staskin D, Miller J, Diokno A, Sant GR, Davila GW, et al. Effect of a urinary control insert on quality of life in incontinent women. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct 1999;10(2):100-5.
		⁹ Boos K, Anders K, Hextall A, Tooz-Hobson P, Cardozo L. Randomised trial of Reliance versus FemAssist devices in the management of genuine stress incontinence. Neurourology & Urodynamics 1998;17(4):455-6.
010.001.001.001	Internal Vaginal Devices	¹ Realini JP, Walters MD. Vaginal diaphragm rings in the treatment of stress urinary incontinence. J Am Board Fam Pract 1990 Apr;3(2):99-103.
		² Suarez GM, Baum NH, Jacobs J. Use of standard contraceptive diaphragm in management of stress urinary incontinence. Urology 1991 Feb;37(2):119-22.
		³ Bhatia NN, Bergman A. Pessary test in women with urinary incontinence. Obstet Gynecol 1985 Feb;65(2):220-6.
		⁴ Cameron A, Wallner L, Tate DG, Sarma S, Rodriguez G, Clemens JQ. Bladder management after spinal cord injury in the United States 1972 to 2005. Journal of Urology 2010.
		⁵ Richter HE, Burgio K, Brubaker L, Nygaard IE, Ye W, Weidner A, et al. A Trial of Continence Pessary vs. Behavioral Therapy vs. Combined Therapy for Stress Incontinence. Obstet Gynecol 2010.
		⁶ Biswas NC. A silastic vaginal device for the treatment of genuine stress incontinence. Neurourology & Urodynamics 1988;(7):271-2.
		⁷ Davila GW, Neal D, Horbach N, Peacher J, Doughtie JD, Karram M. A bladder-neck support prosthesis for women with stress and mixed incontinence. Obstet Gynecol 1999 Jun;93(6):938-42.
		⁸ Kondo A, Yokoyama E, Koshiba K, Fukui J, Gotoh M, Yoshikawa Y, et al. Bladder neck support prosthesis: a nonoperative treatment for stress or mixed urinary incontinence. J Urol 1997 Mar;157(3):824-7.
		⁹ Moore KH, Simons A, Dowell C, Bryant C, Prashar S. Efficacy and user acceptability of the urethral occlusive device in women with urinary incontinence. J Urol 1999 Aug;162(2):464-8.
		¹⁰ Morris A, Moore KH. The Contiform incontinence device - efficacy and patient acceptability. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct 2003.
		¹¹ Allen WA, Leek H, Izurieta A, Moore KH. Update: the 'Contiform' intravaginal device in four sizes for the treatment of stress incontinence. International Urogynaecology Journal and Pelvic Floor Dysfunction 2008.
		¹² Nygaard I. Prevention of exercise incontinence with mechanical devices. J Reprod Med 1995 Feb;40(2):89-94.
		¹³ Thyssen H, Lose G. New disposable vaginal device (continence guard) in the treatment of female stress incontinence. Design, efficacy and short term safety. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1996 Feb;75(2):170-3.
		¹⁴ Thyssen H, Sander P, Lose G. A vaginal device (continence guard) in the management of urge incontinence in women. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct 1999;10(4):219-22.
		¹⁵ Sander P, Thyssen H, Lose G, Andersen JT. Effect of a vaginal device on quality of life with urinary stress incontinence. Obstet Gynecol 1999 Mar;93(3):407-11.
		¹⁶ Hahn I, Milsom I. Treatment of female stress urinary incontinence with a new anatomically shaped vaginal device (Conveen Continence Guard). Br J Urol 1996 May;77(5):711-5.
		¹⁷ Thyssen H, Bidmead J, Lose G, Moller BK, Dwyer P, Cardozo L. A new intravaginal device for stress incontinence in women. BJU Int 2001 Dec;88(9):889-92.
		¹⁸ Glavind K. Use of a vaginal sponge during aerobic exercises in patients with stress urinary incontinence. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct 1997;8(6):351-3.
		¹⁹ Ziv E, Stanton SL, Abarbanel J. Significant improvement in the quality of life in women treated with a novel disposable intravaginal device for stress urinary incontinence. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct 2009.
		²⁰ Farage M, Aronstein W, Miller KW, Karram M, Katz M, Hertzman B. A Disposable Intravaginal Device for the Management of Stress Urinary Incontinence. The open women's health journal 2011.
		²¹ Ziv E, Stanton SL, Abarbanel J. Efficacy and safety of a novel disposable intravaginal device for treating stress urinary incontinence. American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology 2008.
		²² Gorti M, Hudelist G, Simons A. Evaluation of vaginal pessary management: a UK-based survey. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 2009.
008	Male Devices	¹ Macaulay M, Broadbridge J, Gage H, Williams P, Birch B, Moore KN, Cottenden A, Fader MJ. A trial of devices for urinary incontinence after treatment for prostate cancer. BJU Int. 2015 Sep;116(3):432-42
		² Cottenden A, Fader M, Beeckman D, Bliss D, Buckley B, Kitson-Reynolds E, et al. Management using Continence Products. In: Abrams P CL, Wein A, Wagg A, editor. Incontinence 6th International Consultation on Incontinence, Tokyo 2016. 6: ICS/ICUD; 2017.
		³ Potter J. Male urinary incontinence-could penile sheaths be the answer? Journal of Community Nursing 2007;21(5):4042.
		⁴ Watson R, Kuhn M. The influence of component parts on the performance of urinary sheath systems. J Adv Nurs 1990 Apr;15(4):417-22.
		⁵ Fader M, Pettersson L, Dean G, Brooks R, Cottenden AM, Malone-Lee J. Sheaths for urinary incontinence: a randomized crossover trial. BJU Int 2001 Sep;88(4):367-72
		⁶ Pemberton P, Brooks A, Eriksen CM, Frost S, Graham S, Greenman L, et al. A comparative study of two types of urinary sheath. Nursing Times 102(7):36-41, 2006 Feb 14;-20.
		⁷ Pomfret I. Back to basics: urinary sheaths. Journal of Community Nursing 2003;17(10).
		⁸ Pomfret I. Penile sheaths: a guide to selection and fitting. Journal of Community Nursing 2006;20(11):14-8.
		⁹ Bycroft J, Hamid R, Shah PJ. Penile erosion in spinal cord injury--an important lesson. Spinal Cord 41(11):643-4, 2003 Nov.
		¹⁰ Fetsch JF, Davis CJ, Jr., Hallman JR, Chung LS, Lupton GP, Sesterhenn IA. Lymphedematous fibroepithelial polyps of the glans penis and prepuce: a clinicopathologic study of 7 cases demonstrating a strong association with chronic condom catheter use. Hum Pathol 2004 Feb;35(2):190-5.
		¹¹ Golji H. Complications of external condom drainage. Paraplegia 1981;19(3):189-97.
		¹² Johnson JR, Roberts PL, Olsen RJ, Moyer KA, Stamm WE. Prevention of catheter-associated urinary tract infection with a silver oxide-coated urinary catheter: clinical and microbiologic correlates. J Infect Dis 1990 Nov;162(5):1145-50.
		¹³ Ouslander JG, Greengold B, Chen S. External catheter use and urinary tract infections among incontinent male nursing home patients. J Am Geriatr Soc 1987 Dec;35(12):1063-70.
		¹⁴ Saint S, Kaufman SR, Rogers MA, Baker PD, Ossenkop K, Lipsky BA. Condom versus indwelling urinary catheters: a randomized trial. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 54(7):1055-61, 2006 Jul.
		¹⁵ Al-Awadhi NM, Al-Brahim N, Ahmad MS, Yordanov E. Giant fibroepithelial polyp of the penis associated with long-term use of condom catheter. Case report and literature review. Review 16 refs. Canadian Journal of Urology 14(4):3656-9, 2007 Aug.
		¹⁶ Potter PJ. Disordered control of the urinary bladder after human spinal cord injury: what are the problems? Prog Brain Res 2006;152:51-7.
		¹⁷ Hirsh DD, Fainstein V, Musher DM. Do condom catheter collecting systems cause urinary tract infection? JAMA 1979 Jul 27;242(4):340-1.
		¹⁸ Moore KN, Schieman S, Ackerman T, Dzus HY, Metcalfe JB, Voaklander DC. Assessing comfort, safety, and patient satisfaction with three commonly used penile compression devices. Urology 63(1):150-4, 2004 Jan.
		¹⁹ Saint S, Krein SL, Fowler KE, Colozzi J, Ratz D, Lescinskas E, et al. Condom Catheters versus Indwelling Urethral Catheters in Men: A Prospective, Observational Study. Journal Of Hospital Medicine. 2019;14:E1-E4
		²⁰ da Silva VST, Torres M, Silva MAD, Freitas OS, Santos PD, Gomes J, et al. Male External Catheter in Adults: a glance at nursing care practice. Revista Brasileira De Enfermagem. 2019;72(2):450-4
		²¹ Gray M, Skinner C, Kaler W. External Collection Devices as an Alternative to the Indwelling Urinary Catheter: Evidence-Based Review and Expert Clinical Panel Deliberations. J Wound Ostomy Continence Nurs. 2016;43(3):301-7
		²² Lemmens JM, Broadbridge J, Macaulay M, Rees RW, Archer M, Drake MJ, et al. Tissue response to applied loading using different designs of penile compression clamps. Med Devices (Auckl). 2019;12:235-43
008.001	Sheaths	¹ Chartier-Kastler E, Ballanger P, Petit J, Fourmarier M, Bart S, Ragni-Ghazarossian E, et al. Randomized, crossover study evaluating patient preference and the impact on quality of life or urisheaths vs absorbent products in incontinent men. BJU International 2011.
		² Macaulay M, Broadbridge J, Gage H, Williams P, Birch B, Moore K, Cottenden A, Fader M A trial of male urinary devices for urinary incontinence after treatment for Prostate cancer
		³ Teunissen TAM, Lagro-Janssen ALM. Sex differences in the use of absorbent (incontinence) pads in independently living elderly people: do men receive less care? Int J Clin Pract 2009.
		⁴ Thelwell S, Symon C, Gay S, Dean G, Cottenden A, Feneley R. Penile sheaths: a comparative evaluation. UK: Medical Devices Agency; 1995 Nov. Report No.: A15.
		⁵ Fader M, Pettersson L, Dean G, Brooks R, Cottenden AM, Malone-Lee J. Sheaths for urinary incontinence: a randomized crossover trial. BJU Int 2001 Sep;88(4):367-72.
		⁶ Peifer DJ, Hanover RY. Clinical evaluation of the easy-flow catheter. J Rehabil Res Dev 1997 Apr;34(2):215-9.
		⁷ Saint S, Lipsky BA, Baker PD, McDonald LL, Ossenkop K. Urinary catheters: what type do men and their nurses prefer? J Am Geriatr Soc 1999 Dec;47(12):1453-7.
		⁸ Pomfret I. Penile sheaths: a guide to selection and fitting. Journal of Community Nursing 2006;20(11):14-8.
		⁹ Potter J. Male urinary incontinence-could penile sheaths be the answer? Journal of Community Nursing 2007;21(5):4042.
		¹⁰ Pemberton P, Brooks A, Eriksen CM, Frost S, Graham S, Greenman L, et al. A comparative study of two types of urinary sheath. Nursing Times 102(7):36-41, 2006 Feb 14;-20.
		¹¹ Nichols T, Balis N. Male External Urinary Catheter Design Survey. 2000 Jun 4; 2000.
		¹² Watson R, Kuhn M. The influence of component parts on the performance of urinary sheath systems. J Adv Nurs 1990 Apr;15(4):417-22.
		¹³ Jayachandran S, Mooppan UM, Kim H. Complications from external (condom) urinary drainage devices. Urology 1985 Jan;25(1):31-4.
		¹⁴ Potter PJ. Disordered control of the urinary bladder after human spinal cord injury: what are the problems? Prog Brain Res 2006;152:51-7.
		¹⁵ Bycroft J, Hamid R, Shah PJ. Penile erosion in spinal cord injury--an important lesson. Spinal Cord 41(11):643-4, 2003 Nov.
		¹⁶ Hirsh DD, Fainstein V, Musher DM. Do condom catheter collecting systems cause urinary tract infection? JAMA 1979 Jul 27;242(4):340-1.
		¹⁷ Pomfret I. Back to basics: urinary sheaths. Journal of Community Nursing 2003;17(10).
		¹⁸ Fetsch JF, Davis CJ, Jr., Hallman JR, Chung LS, Lupton GP, Sesterhenn IA. Lymphedematous fibroepithelial polyps of the glans penis and prepuce: a clinicopathologic study of 7 cases demonstrating a strong association with chronic condom catheter use. Hum Pathol 2004 Feb;35(2):190-5.
		¹⁹ Golji H. Complications of external condom drainage. Paraplegia 1981;19(3):189-97.
		²⁰ Johnson JR, Roberts PL, Olsen RJ, Moyer KA, Stamm WE. Prevention of catheter-associated urinary tract infection with a silver oxide-coated urinary catheter: clinical and microbiologic correlates. J Infect Dis 1990 Nov;162(5):1145-50.
		²¹ Ouslander JG, Greengold B, Chen S. External catheter use and urinary tract infections among incontinent male nursing home patients. J Am Geriatr Soc 1987 Dec;35(12):1063-70.
		²² Saint S, Kaufman SR, Rogers MA, Baker PD, Ossenkop K, Lipsky BA. Condom versus indwelling urinary catheters: a randomized trial. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 54(7):1055-61, 2006 Jul.
		²³ Al-Awadhi NM, Al-Brahim N, Ahmad MS, Yordanov E. Giant fibroepithelial polyp of the penis associated with long-term use of condom catheter. Case report and literature review. Review 16 refs. Canadian Journal of Urology 14(4):3656-9, 2007 Aug.
008.002	Penile Compression Devices	¹ Moore KN, Schieman S, Ackerman T, Dzus HY, Metcalfe JB, Voaklander DC. Assessing comfort, safety, and patient satisfaction with three commonly used penile compression devices. Urology 63(1):150-4, 2004 Jan.
		² Macaulay M, Broadbridge J, Gage H, Williams P, Birch B, Moore KN, Cottenden A, Fader MJ. A trial of devices for urinary incontinence after treatment for prostate cancer. BJU Int. 2015 Sep;116(3):432-42
008.003	Body-Worn Urinals	¹ Macaulay M, Broadbridge J, Gage H, Williams P, Birch B, Moore KN, Cottenden A, Fader MJ. A trial of devices for urinary incontinence after treatment for prostate cancer. BJU Int. 2015 Sep;116(3):432-42
		² Golji H. Complications of external condom drainage. Paraplegia 1981;19(3):189-97.
008.004	Devices for penile retraction	¹ Macaulay M, Broadbridge J, Gage H, Williams P, Birch B, Moore K, Cottenden A, Fader M A trial of male urinary devices for urinary incontinence after treatment for Prostate cancer
010	Catheters	¹ Maki DG, Tambyah PA. Engineering out the risk for infection with urinary catheters. Emerg Infect Dis 2001 Mar;7(2):342-7.
		² Burgdorfer H, Heidler H, Madersbacher H. Manual neurourology and spinal cord lesion: guidelines for urological care of spinal cord injury patient. Parco-Pharma Gmbh 1987.
		³ Moore KN, Fader M, Getliffe K. Long-term bladder management by intermittent catheterisation in adults and children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007;(4):CD006008.
		⁴ Biering-Sorensen F, HansenH, Nielsen PN, Looms D. Residual urine after intermittent catheterization in females using two different catheters. Scandinavian Journal of Urology & Nephrology 2007.
		⁵ Gould CV, Umscheid CA, Agarwal RK, Kuntz G, Pegues DA. Guideline for prevention of catheter-associated urinary tract infections 2009. Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 2010.
		⁶ Wilde MH, Brasch J, Yi Zhang. A qualitative descriptive study of self-management issues in people with long-term intermittent urinary catheters. Journal of Advanced Nursing 2011.
		⁷ Cottenden A, Fader M, Beeckman D, Bliss D, Buckley B, Kitson-Reynolds E, et al. Management using Continence Products. In: Abrams P CL, Wein A, Wagg A, editor. Incontinence 6th International Consultation on Incontinence, Tokyo 2016. 6: ICS/ICUD; 2017
		⁸ Buckley BS, Fader M, Macaulay M. Giving intermittent catheter users more choice. Br J Gen Pract 2015; 65 (637):419
		⁹ Wilks S, Morris N, Delgado D, Prieto J, Moore K, Macaulay M, et al. Development of an effective and acceptable cleaning method to allow safe re-use of plain, uncoated catheters for intermittent catheterisation. Neurourol Urodyn; 2016; 35 (S4): S449-51
		¹⁰ Macaulay M, Morris N, Wilks S, Delgado D, Prieto J, Fader M. A novel, evidence-based method for reprocessing catheters used for intermittent catheterisation. Neurourol Urodyn; 2016; 35 (S4): S463-5
		¹¹ Logan K, Shaw C, Webber I, Samuel S, Broome L. Patients' experiences of learning clean intermittent self-catheterization: a qualitative study. J Adv Nurs 2008 Apr;62(1):32-40.
		¹² D'Cruz R, Soundappan SS, Cass DT, Smith G. Catheter balloon-related urethral trauma in children. Journal of Pediatrics & Child Health 2009.
		¹³ Anderson R. Pilot study to assess silicone indwelling urinary catheter change regimens. Australian and New Zealand Continence Journal 2010.
		¹⁴ Barnes KE, Malone-Lee J. Long-term catheter management: minimizing the problem of premature replacement due to balloon deflation. Journal of Advanced Nursing 1986;11(3):303-7.
		¹⁵ Pratt RJ, Pellowe CM, Wilson JA, Loveday HP, Harper PJ, Jones SR, et al. epic2: National evidence-based guidelines for preventing healthcare-associated infections in NHS hospitals in England. J Hosp Infect 2007 Feb;65 Suppl 1:S1-64.
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		¹⁷ Donnellan SM, Bolton DM. The impact of contemporary bladder management techniques on struvite calculi associated with spinal cord injury. BJU Int 1999 Aug;84(3):280-5.
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		¹⁹ Getliffe KA. The characteristics and management of patients with recurrent blockage of long-term urinary catheters. J Adv Nurs. 1994; 2 (3):177-94
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		²¹ Burke JP, Garibaldi RA, Britt MR, Jacobson JA, Conti M, Alling DW. Prevention of catheter-associated urinary tract infections. Efficacy of daily meatal care regimens. Am J Med 1981 Mar;70(3):655-8.
		²² Gray M. What nursing interventions reduce the risk of symptomatic urinary tract infection in the patient with an indwelling catheter? J Wound Ostomy Continence Nurs 2004 Jan;31(1):3-13.
		²³ Saint S, Lipsky BA. Preventing catheter-related bacteriuria: should we? Can we? How? Arch Intern Med 1999 Apr 26;159(8):800-8.
		²⁴ Raz R, Schiller D, Nicolle LE. Chronic indwelling catheter replacement before antimicrobial therapy for symptomatic urinary tract infection. J Urol 2000 Oct;164(4):1254-8.
		²⁵ Hooton TM, Bradley SF, Cardenas DD, Colgan R, Geerlings SE, Rice JC. Diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of catheter-associated urinary tract infection in adults: 2009 international clinical practice guidelines from the infectious diseases society of America. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2010; 50 (5): 625–663
		²⁶ Thompson RL, Haley CE, Searcy MA, Guenthner SM, Kaiser DL, Groschel DH, et al. Catheter-associated bacteriuria. Failure to reduce attack rates using periodic instillations of a disinfectant into urinary drainage systems. JAMA 1984 Feb 10;251(6):747-51.
		²⁷ Jepson RG, Mihaljevic L, Craig J. Cranberries for preventing urinary tract infections. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008;(1):CD001321.
		²⁸ Pickard R, Lam T, Maclennan G, Starr K, Kilonzo M, McPherson G, Gillies K, McDonald A, Walton K, Buckley B, Glazener C, Boachie C, Burr J, Norrie J, Vale L, Grant A, N'dow J. Antimicrobial catheters for reduction of symptomatic urinary tract infection in adults requiring short-term catheterisation in hospital: a multicenter randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2012; 380 (9857): 1927-35.
		²⁹ Morris NS, Stickler DJ, Winters C. Which indwelling urethral catheters resist encrustation by Proteus mirabilis biofilms? Br J Urol 1997 Jul;80(1):58-63.
		³⁰ Morris NS, Stickler DJ. Encrustation of indwelling urethral catheters by Proteus mirabilis biofilms growing in human urine. J Hosp Infect 1998 Jul;39(3):227-34.
		³¹ Niel-Weise BS, van den Broek PJ. Urinary catheter policies for long-term bladder drainage. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (1):CD004201, 2005.
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		³³ Stickler DJ, Morgan SD. Modulation of crystaline Proteus mirabilis biofilm development on urinary catheters. J Med Microbiol. 2006; 55 (Pt 5):489-94
		³⁴ Bibby JM, Cox A, Hukins D. Feasibility of preventing encrustation of uirnary catheters. Cells and Materials. 1995; 5 (2): 183-95
		³⁵ Darouiche RO, Goetz L, Kaldis T, Cerra-Stewart C, AlSharif A, Priebe M. Impact of StatLock securing device on symptomatic catheter-related urinary tract infection: a prospective, randomized, multicenter clinical trial. Am J Infect Control 2006 Nov;34(9):555-60.
		³⁶ Gibney L. Offering patients a choice of urinary catheter drainage system. British Journal of Nursing (BJN) 2010.
		³⁷ Madero-Morales PA, Robles-Torres JI, Vizcarra-Mata G, Guillén-Lozoya AH, Mendoza-Olazarán S, Garza-González E, Gutiérrez-González A. Randomized Clinical Trial Using Sterile Single Use and Reused Polyvinylchloride Catheters for Intermittent Catheterization with a Clean Technique in Spina Bifida Cases: Short-Term Urinary Tract Infection Outcomes. J Urol. 2019 Jul;202(1):153-158.
		³⁸ Prieto JA, Murphy CL, Stewart F, Fader M. Intermittent catheter techniques, strategies and designs for managing long-term bladder conditions. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021;10:CD006008
		³⁹ Murphy C. Innovating urinary catheter design: An introduction to the engineering challenge. Proceedings Of The Institution Of Mechanical Engineers Part H, Journal Of Engineering In Medicine. 2019;233(1):48-57
		⁴⁰ Marzo A, Melis A, Unger J, Sablotni R, Pistis M, McCarthy AD. An engineering approach towards a more discrete and efficient urinary drainage system. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part H: Journal of Engineering in Medicine. 2019;233(1):58-67
		⁴¹ Mohapatra, R. Urine leakage in persons with spinal cord injury and using long-term Foley catheters: a simple solution. Spinal Cord 48, 774–775 (2010)
		⁴² Fasugba O, Cheng AC, Gregory V, Graves N, Koerner J, Collignon P, et al. Chlorhexidine for meatal cleaning in reducing catheter-associated urinary tract infections: a multicentre stepped-wedge randomised controlled trial. Lancet Infectious Diseases. 2019;19(6):611-9
		⁴³ Mitchell B, Curryer C, Holliday E, Rickard CM, Fasugba O. Effectiveness of meatal cleaning in the prevention of catheter-associated urinary tract infections and bacteriuria: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open. 2021;11(6):e046817
		⁴⁴ Cooper FP, Alexander CE, Sinha S, Omar MI. Policies for replacing long-term indwelling urinary catheters in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;7:CD011115
		⁴⁵ Singh R, Hokenstad ED, Wiest SR, Kim-Fine S, Weaver AL, McGree ME, et al. Randomized controlled trial of silver-alloy-impregnated suprapubic catheters versus standard suprapubic catheters in assessing urinary tract infection rates in urogynecology patients. Int Urogynecol J. 2019;30(5):779-87
		⁴⁶ Bonfill X, Rigau D, Esteban-Fuertes M, Barrera-Chaco´n JM, Ja´uregui-Abrisqueta ML, Salvador S, et al. Efficacy and safety of urinary catheters with silver alloy coating in patients with spinal cord injury: a multicentric pragmatic randomized con- trolled trial. The ESCALE trial. Spine J. 2017;17(11):1650-7
		⁴⁷ Dhariwal L, Chiu S, Salamon C. A urinary catheter valve is non-inferior to continuous bladder drainage with respect to post-operative UTIs: a randomized controlled trial. Int Urogynecol J. 2021;32(6):1433-9.
010.001	Intermittent catheters	¹ Prieto JA, Murphy CL, Stewart F, Fader M. Intermittent catheter techniques, strategies and designs for managing long-term bladder conditions. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021;10:CD006008
010.001.001	Cleaning Methods	¹ Wilks S, Morris N, Delgado D, Prieto J, Moore K, Macaulay M, et al. Development of an effective and acceptable cleaning method to allow safe re-use of plain, uncoated catheters for intermittent catheterisation. Neurourol Urodyn; 2016; 35 (S4): S449-51
		² Macaulay M, Morris N, Wilks S, Delgado D, Prieto J, Fader M. A novel, evidence-based method for reprocessing catheters used for intermittent catheterisation. Neurourol Urodyn; 2016; 35 (S4): S463-5
012	Urine Collection Bags	¹ Wong ES. Guideline for prevention of catheter-associated urinary tract infections. Am J Infect Control 1983 Feb;11(1):28-36.
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014	Faecal Devices	¹ Peden-McAlpine C, Bliss D, Hill J. The experience of community-living women managing fecal incontinence. Western Journal of Nursing Research 2008.
		² Bliss D, Lewis J, Hasselman K, Savik K, Lowry A, Whitebird R. Use and Evaluation of Disposable Absorbent Products for Managing Fecal Incontinence by Community-Living People. Journal of Wound, Ostomy and Continence Nursing 2011.
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		¹⁴ Bliss DZ, Savik K. Use of an absorbent dressing specifically for fecal incontinence. Journal of Wound, Ostomy, & Continence Nursing 35(2):221-8, 2008 Mar;-Apr.
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		¹⁷ Grogan TA, Kramer DJ. The rectal trumpet: use of a nasopharyngeal airway to contain fecal incontinence in critically ill patients. J Wound Ostomy Continence Nurs 2002 Jul;29(4):193-201.
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		¹⁹ Duso S. Product notebook: a new fecal containment device. A case study describing one use of the Bard FCD fecal containment device. Ostomy Wound Manage 1992 Jun;38(5):38-41.
		²⁰ Hanlon M, Cofone E. Patient with frequent liquid stools resulting in a chemical dermatitis and a perianal ulcer. J Wound Ostomy Continence Nurs 1996 May;23(3):174-7.
		²¹ Ross V. The fecal containment device: one answer to a dreaded procedure. Ostomy Wound Manage 1993 Sep;39(7):42-4, 46.
		²² Pittman j, Beeson T, Terry C, Kessler W, Kirk L. Methods of bowel management in critical care: a randomized controlled trial. JWOCN. 2012; 37 (5): 527-35
		²³ Freedman P. The rectal pouch: a safer alternative to rectal tubes. Am J Nurs 1991 May;91(5):105-6.
		²⁴ Bosley C. Three methods of stool management for patients with diarrhea. Ostomy Wound Manage 1994 Jan;40(1):52-7.
		²⁵ Beitz JM. Fecal incontinence in acutely and critically ill patients: options in management. Ostomy Wound Management 52(12):56-8, 60, 62-6, 2006 Dec.
		²⁶ Benoit RA, Jr., Watts C. The effect of a pressure ulcer prevention program and the bowel management system in reducing pressure ulcer prevalence in an ICU setting. Journal of Wound, Ostomy, & Continence Nursing 34(2):163-75; quiz 176-7, 2007 Mar;-Apr.
		²⁷ Keshava A, Renwick A, Stewart P, Pilley A. A nonsurgical means of fecal diversion: the Zassi Bowel Management System. Dis Colon Rectum 2007 Jul;50(7):1017-22.
		²⁸ Rainville N. Does a foley belong in the rectum? Am J Nurs 1987;87(2):175.
		²⁹ Page BP, Boyce SA, Deans C, Camilleri-Brennan J. Significant Rectal Bleeding as a Complication of a Fecal Collecting Device: Report of a Case. Diseases of the Colon & Rectum 2008.
		³⁰ Bright E, Fishwick G, Berry D, Thomas M. Indwelling bowel management system as a cause of life-threatening rectal bleeding. Case reports in gastroenterology 2008.
		³¹ Safaz I, Kesikburun S, Omac OK, Tugcu I, Alaca R. Autonomic Dysreflexia as a Complication of a Fecal Management System in a Man With Tetraplegia . Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine 2010.
		³² Buono K, Dave´-Heliker B. Mechanical inserts for the treatment of faecal incontinence: A systematic review. Arab J Urol. 2019;17(1):69-76.
		³³ Leo CA, Thomas GP, Hodgkinson JD, Segal JP, Maeda Y, Murphy J, et al. The Renew® anal insert for passive faecal incontinence: a retrospective audit of our use of a novel device. Colorectal Dis. 2019;21(6):684-8
		³⁴ Segal JP, Leo CA, Hodgkinson JD, Cavazzoni E, Bradshaw E, Lung PFC, et al. Acceptability, effectiveness and safety of a Renew anal insert in patients who have undergone restorative proctocolectomy with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis. Colorectal Dis. 2019;21(1):73-8.
		³⁵ Richter HE, Dunivan G, Brown HW, Andy U, Dyer KY, Rardin C, et al. A 12-Month Clinical Durability of Effectiveness and Safety Evaluation of a Vaginal Bowel Control System for the Nonsurgical Treatment of Fecal Incontinence. Female Pelvic Medicine and Reconstructive Surgery. 2019;25(2):113-9.
		³⁶ Garcia A, Fung S, Kennedy-Evans KL. A Pilot Clinical Study of a Safe and Efficient Stool Management System in Patients With Fecal Incontinence. Wounds. 2017;29(12):E132-E8
		³⁷ Singh S, Bhargava B, Vasantha P, Bhatia R, Sharma H, Pal S, et al. Clinical Evaluation of a Novel Intrarectal Device for Management of Fecal Incontinence in Bedridden Patients. J Wound Ostomy Continence Nurs. 2018;45(2):156-62
016	Toileting Aids for Women	¹ Pomfret I, Vickerman J, Tonge P. Introducing a hand-held urinal service in secondary care. Nursing Times 101(18):68, 70-1, 2005 May 3;-9.
		² Fader M, Pettersson L, Dean G, Brooks R, Cottenden A. The selection of female urinals: results of a multicentre evaluation. Br J Nurs 1999 Jul 22;8(14):918-5.
		³ Vickerman J. The benefits of a lending library for female urinals. Nursing Times 99(44):56-7, 2003 Nov 4;-10.
		⁴ Macaulay M, Clarke-O'Neill S, Cottenden A, Fader M, van den HE, Jowitt F. Female urinals for women with impaired mobility. Nursing Times 102(42):42-3, 45, 47, 2006 Oct 17;-23.
		⁵ Wells T, Brink C. Urinary continence/incontinence: What's available to make life pleasanter for patients and staff. Geriatr Nurs 1980 Nov; 1(4):264-9, 276
		⁶ Naylor JR, Mulley GP. Commodes: inconvenient conveniences. BMJ 1993 Nov 13;307(6914):1258-60.
		⁷ Cottenden A, Fader M, Beeckman D, Bliss D, Buckley B, Kitson-Reynolds E, et al. Management using Continence Products. In: Abrams P CL, Wein A, Wagg A, editor. Incontinence 6th International Consultation on Incontinence, Tokyo 2016. 6: ICS/ICUD; 2017
		⁸ MacIntosh J. Realising the potential of urinals for women. Journal of Community Nursing
		⁹ Gattinger H, Werner B, Saxer S. Patient experiences with bedpans in acute care: a cross-sectional study. J Clin Nurs. 2013; 22 (15-16): 2216-24.
		¹⁰ Fader MJ, Pettersson L, Clinton L, Dean G, Brooks R, Cottenden A. Basic commodes: a comparative evaluation. Medical Devices Agency; 2004. Report No.: A5.
		¹¹ Gillan J. Seat of the motions. Nursing Times 1999;95:26.
		¹² Bucior H, Cochrane J. Lifting the lid: a clinical audit on commode cleaning. Journal of Infection Prevention 2010.
		¹³ Nazarko L. Commode design for frail and disabled people. Prof Nurse 1995 Nov;11(2):95-7.
		¹⁴ Ballinger C, Pain H, Pascoe J, Gore S. Choosing a commode for the ward environment. Br J Nurs 1996 Apr 25;5(8):485-500.
		¹⁵ Sim S, Barr CJ, George S. Comparison of equipment prescriptions in the toilet/bathroom by occupational therapists using home visits and digital photos, for patients in rehabilitation. Australian Occupational Therapy Journal. 2015;62(2):132-40.
		¹⁶ Kennedy MJ, Arcelus A, Guitard P, Goubran RA, Sveistrup H. Toilet Grab-Bar Preference and Center of Pressure Deviation During Toilet Transfers in Healthy Seniors, Seniors With Hip Replacements, and Seniors Having Suffered a Stroke. Assistive Technology. 2015;27(2):78-87.
		¹⁷ Lee SJ, Sanford J, Calkins M, Melgen S, Endicott S, Phillips A. Beyond ADA Accessibility Requirements: Meeting Seniors’ Needs for Toilet Transfers. Health Environments Re- search & Design Journal (HERD) (Sage Publications, Ltd). 2018;11(2):32-44.
		¹⁸ Lee SJ, Mehta-Desai R, Oh K, Sanford J, Prilutsky BI. Effects of bilateral swing-away grab bars on the biomechanics of stand-to-sit and sit-to-stand toilet transfers. Disability & Rehabilitation: Assistive Technology. 2019;14(3):292-300. 62
		¹⁹ Niwa LMS, Radovich NMF, Ciosak SI. Safe Embrace: technological innovation for elderly safety in the use of toilets. Revis- ta Brasileira de Enfermagem. 2018:2833-6.
		²⁰ Farrington N. Supporting women with toileting in palliative care: use of the female urinal for bladder management. International Journal of Palliative Nursing. 2016;22(11):524-33
016.004	Commodes	¹ Sim S, Barr CJ, George S. Comparison of equipment prescriptions in the toilet/bathroom by occupational therapists using home visits and digital photos, for patients in rehabilitation. Australian Occupational Therapy Journal. 2015;62(2):132-40.
018	Bed, Chair Protectors	¹ Henderson DJ, Rogers WF. Hospital trials of incontinence underpads. Nurs Times 1971 Feb 4;67(5):141-3.
		² Thornburn P, Cottenden A, Ledger D. Continence. Undercover trials. Nurs Times 1992 Mar 25;88(13):72-8.
		³ Brown DS. Diapers and underpads, Part 1: Skin integrity outcomes. Ostomy Wound Manage 1994 Nov;40(9):20-6, 28.
		⁴ Cottenden AM, Ledger DJ. Predicting the leakage performance of bodyworn disposable incontinence pads using laboratory tests. J Biomed Eng 1993 May;15(3):212-20.
		⁵ Bradbury SM. Incontinence pads and clostridium infection. J Hosp Infect 1985 Mar;6(1):115.
		⁶ Leigh DA, Petch VJ. Sterility of incontinence pads and sheets. J Hosp Infect 1987 Jan;9(1):91-3.
		⁷ Sprott MS, Kearns AM, Keenlyside D. A microbiological study of absorbent pads. J Hosp Infect 1988 Aug;12(2):125-9.
		⁸ Stansfield R, Caudle S. Bacillus cereus and orthopaedic surgical wound infection associated with incontinence pads manufactured from virgin wood pulp. J Hosp Infect 1997 Dec;37(4):336-8.
		⁹ Cottenden A, Fader M, Beeckman D, Bliss D, Buckley B, Kitson-Reynolds E, et al. Management using Continence Products. In: Abrams P CL, Wein A, Wagg A, editor. Incontinence 6th International Consultation on Incontinence, Tokyo 2016. 6: ICS/ICUD; 2017
		¹⁰ Cottenden AM. Aids and appliances for incontinence. The promotion and management of continence. Prentice Hall; 1992.
		¹¹ Leiby DM, Shanahan N. Clinical study: assessing the performance and skin environments of two reusable underpads. Ostomy Wound Manage 1994 Oct;40(8):30-7.
		¹² Grant R. Washable pads or disposable diapers? Geriatr Nurs 1982 Jul;3(4):248-51.
		¹³ Brown DS. Diapers and underpads, Part 2: Cost outcomes. Ostomy Wound Manage 1994 Nov;40(9):34-6, 38, 40.
		¹⁴ Hu TW, Kaltreider DL, Igou JF. Disposable versus reusable incontinent products: a controlled cost-effectiveness experiment. Ostomy Wound Manage 1988;21:46-53.
		¹⁵ Buckley B. User perspectives, preferences and priorities relating to products for managing bladder and bowel dysfunctions. J Engineering in Medicine 2017. DOI: 10.1177/0954411917750193
		¹⁶ Cottenden AM, Moore KN, Fader MJ, Cremer AW. Is there a risk of cross-infection from laundered reusable bedpads? Br J Nurs 1999 Sep 23;8(17):1161-3.
019	Clothing, odour control and skin care for women	¹ Getliffe K, Fader M, Cottenden A, Jamieson K, Green N. Absorbent products for incontinence: “treatment effects” and impact on quality of life. J Clin Nurs. 2007; 16 (10):1936-45.
		² Cottenden A, Fader M, Beeckman D, Bliss D, Buckley B, Kitson-Reynolds E, et al. Management using Continence Products. In: Abrams P CL, Wein A, Wagg A, editor. Incontinence 6th International Consultation on Incontinence, Tokyo 2016. 6: ICS/ICUD; 2017
		³ Buckley B. User perspectives, preferences and priorities relating to products for managing bladder and bowel dysfunctions. J Engineering in Medicine 2017 DOI: 10.1177/0954411917750193
		⁴ Norton CS. Nursing for continence, 2nd Edition. 1996 Beaconsfield Publishers, UK
		⁵ Black JM, Gray M, Bliss DZ et al. MASD Part 2: Incontinence- associated dermatitis and intertriginous dermatitis. A consensus. J Wound Ostomy Continence Nurs 2011; 38(4):359–370.
		⁶ Gray M, Beeckman D, Bliss DZ et al. Incontinence-associated dermatitis: A Comprehensive Review and Update. J Wound Ostomy Continence Nurs 2012; 39(1):61–74.
		⁷ Driver DS. Perineal dermatitis in critical care patients. Crit Care Nurse 2007; 27(4):42–46.
		⁸ Farage MA, Miller KW, Berardesca E & Maibach HI. Incontinence in the aged: contact dermatitis and other cutaneous consequences. Contact Dermatitis 2007; 57(4):211–217.
		⁹ Gray M, Bliss DZ, Doughty DB, Emer-Seltin J, Kennedy-Evans KL & Palmer MH. Incontinence-associated dermatitis: A consensus. J Wound Ostomy Continence Nurs 2007; 34(1):45–54.
		¹⁰ Junkin J, Moore-Lisi L & Selekof J. What we don’t know can hurt us, pilot prevalence survey of incontinence and related perineal skin injury in acute care abstract. Las Vegas NV: WOCN National Conference, June 2005.
		¹¹ Beeckman D, Van Damme N, Schoonhoven L, Van Lancker A, Kottner J, Beele H, et al. Interventions for preventing and treating incontinence-associated dermatitis in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2016; 11: CD011627
		¹² Weber BA, Roberts BL. Refining a Prostate Cancer Survivor’s Toolkit. Urol Nurs. 2015;35(1):22-9
		¹³ Park S, Yeoum S, Kim Y, Kwon HJ. Self-management Experiences of Older Korean Women With Urinary Incontinence: A Descriptive Qualitative Study Using Focus Groups. Journal of Wound, Ostomy & Continence Nursing. 2017;44(6):572-7
		¹⁴ Dalton P, Maute C. Odours and incontinence: What does the nose know? Proc Inst Mech Eng H. 2019;233(1):127-34.
		¹⁵ Chen JC, Lee WJ, Tsou JJ, Liu TP, Tsai PL. Effect of probiotics on postoperative quality of gastric bypass surgeries: a prospective randomized trial. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2016;12(1):57-61.
		¹⁶ Campbell JL, Coyer FM, Osborne SR. Incontinence-associated dermatitis: a cross-sectional prevalence study in the Australian acute care hospital setting. Int Wound J. 2016;13(3):403-11
		¹⁷ Gray M, Giuliano KK. Incontinence-Associated Dermatitis, Characteristics and Relationship to Pressure Injury: A Multisite Epidemiologic Analysis. J Wound Ostomy Continence Nurs. 2018;45(1):63-7
		¹⁸ Hahnel E, Blume-Peytavi U, Trojahn C, Dobos G, Jahnke I, Kanti V, et al. Prevalence and associated factors of skin diseases in aged nursing home residents: a multicentre prevalence study. BMJ Open. 2017;7(9):e018283
		¹⁹ Lichterfeld-Kottner A, Lahmann N, Blume-Peytavi U, Mueller-Werdan U, Kottner J. Dry skin in home care: A representative prevalence study. J Tissue Viability. 2018;27(4):226-31
		²⁰ Dissemond J, Assenheimer B, Gerber V, Hintner M, Puntigam MJ, Kolbig N, et al. Moisture-associated skin damage (MASD): A best practice recommendation from Wund-D.A.CH. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges. 2021
		²¹ Wei L, Bao Y, Chai Q, Zheng J, xu W. Determining Risk Factors to Develop a Predictive Model of Incontinence-associated Dermatitis Among Critically Ill Patients with Fecal Incontinence: A Prospective, Quantitative Study. Wound Manag Prev. 2019;65(4):24-33
		²² Van Damme N, Clays E, Verhaeghe S, Van Hecke A, Beeckman D. Independent risk factors for the development of incontinence-associated dermatitis (category 2) in critically ill patients with fecal incontinence: A cross-sectional observational study in 48 ICU units. Int J Nurs Stud. 2018;81:30-9
		²³ Van Damme N, Van den Bussche K, De Meyer D, Van Hecke A, Verhaeghe S, Beeckman D. Independent risk factors for the development of skin erosion due to incontinence (incontinence-associated dermatitis category 2) in nursing home residents: results from a multivariate binary regression analysis. Int Wound J. 2017;14(5):801-10
		²⁴ Boronat-Garrido x, Kottner J, Schmitz G, Lahmann N. Incontinence-Associated Dermatitis in Nursing Homes: Prevalence, Severity, and Risk Factors in Residents With Urinary and/ or Fecal Incontinence. J Wound Ostomy Continence Nurs. 2016;43(6):630-5.
		²⁵ Pather P, Hines S, Kynoch K, Coyer F. Effectiveness of topical skin products in the treatment and prevention of incontinence-associated dermatitis: a systematic review. JBI Database System Rev Implement Rep. 2017;15(5):1473-96
		²⁶ Lichterfeld-Kottner A, El Genedy M, Lahmann N, Blume-Peytavi U, Buscher A, Kottner J. Maintaining skin integrity in the aged: A systematic review. Int J Nurs Stud. 2020;103:103509.
		²⁷ Gray M, Kent D, Ermer-Seltun J, McNichol L. Assessment, Selection, Use, and Evaluation of Body-Worn Absorbent Products for Adults With Incontinence: A WOCN Society Consensus Conference. J Wound Ostomy Continence Nurs. 2018;45(3):243-64
		²⁸ Bender JK, Faergemann J, Skold M. Skin Health Connected to the Use of Absorbent Hygiene Products: A Review. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb). 2017;7(3):319-30
		²⁹ British Columbia Provincial Nursing & Wound Commitee. Guideline: Assessment, Prevention and Treatment of Moisture Associated Skin Damage (MASD) in Adults & Children2017. Available from: https://www.clwk.ca/buddydrive/ file/guideline-masd-2017-february/
042.001	Surgery and a Catheter	¹ Hunskaar S, Burgio KL, Clark A Epidemiology of urinary and faecal incontinence and pelvic organ prolapse. In:Abrams P, Cardozo L, Khoury S, Wein AJ eds. Incontinence. Proceedings of 3rd international consulation on incontinence. Plymouth UK: Health Publications Ltd 2005:255-312
		² Fontaine E. · Izadifar V. · Barthélémy Y. · Desgrippes A. · Beurton D. Urinary Continence following Radical Prostatectomy Assessed by a Self–Administered Questionnaire European UrologyVol. 37, No. 2, 2000
		³ Wilt TJ, Ahmed HU Prostate cancer screening and the management of clinically localized disease BMJ 2013;346:28-37
042.001.003	Bladder Leakage Preparation	¹ Fontaine E. · Izadifar V. · Barthélémy Y. · Desgrippes A. · Beurton D. Urinary Continence following Radical Prostatectomy Assessed by a Self–Administered Questionnaire European UrologyVol. 37, No. 2, 2000
042.001.003.002	Pelvic Floor Muscle Training	¹ Anderson CA, Omar MI, Campbell SE, Hunter KF, Cody JD, Glazener CMA. Conservative management for postprostatectomy urinary incontinence. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2015, Issue 1. Art. No.: CD001843. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD001843.pub5.
042.001.002.002	Returning Home	¹ Fontaine E. · Izadifar V. · Barthélémy Y. · Desgrippes A. · Beurton D. Urinary Continence following Radical Prostatectomy Assessed by a Self–Administered Questionnaire European UrologyVol. 37, No. 2, 2000
042.002.001	Less than 12 Months	¹ Macaulay M, Broadbridge J, Gage H, Williams P, Birch B, Moore K, Cottenden A, Fader M A trial of male urinary devices for urinary incontinence after treatment for Prostate cancer
042.002.002	More than 12 Months	¹ Fontaine E. · Izadifar V. · Barthélémy Y. · Desgrippes A. · Beurton D. Urinary Continence following Radical Prostatectomy Assessed by a Self–Administered Questionnaire European UrologyVol. 37, No. 2, 2000
005	Absorbent products for men	¹ Teunissen TAM, Lagro-Janssen ALM. Sex differences in the use of absorbent (incontinence) pads in independently living elderly people: do men receive less care? Int J Clin Pract 2009.
		² Buckley B. User perspectives, preferences and priorities relating to products for managing bladder and bowel dysfunctions. J Engineering in Medicine 2017. DOI: 10.1177/0954411917750193
		³ Fader M, Cottenden A, Getliffe K, Gage H, Clarke-O'Neill S, Jamieson K, et al. Absorbent products for urinary/faecal incontinence: a comparative evaluation of key product designs. Health Technol Assess 2008 Jul;12(29):iii-185.
		⁴ Grant R. Washable pads or disposable diapers? Geriatr Nurs 1982 Jul;3(4):248-51.
		⁵ Brown DS. Diapers and underpads, Part 2: Cost outcomes. Ostomy Wound Manage 1994 Nov;40(9):34-6, 38, 40.
		⁶ Hu TW, Kaltreider DL, Igou JF. Disposable versus reusable incontinent products: a controlled cost-effectiveness experiment. Ostomy Wound Manage 1988;21:46-53.
		⁷ Macaulay M, Pettersson L, Fader M, Brooks R, Cottenden A. Absorbent products for men with light incontinence: an evaluation. UK: Medical Devices Agency; 2005.
		⁸ Beber CR. Freedom for the incontinent. Am J Nurs 1980 Mar;80(3):482-4.
		⁹ Getliffe K, Fader M, Cottenden A, Jamieson K, Green N. Absorbent products for incontinence: 'treatment effects' and impact on quality of life. Journal of Clinical Nursing 16(10):1936-45, 2007 Oct.
		¹⁰ Cottenden AM, Fader MJ, Pettersson L, Clinton L, Dean GE, Malone-Lee J, et al. Disposable, shaped bodyworn pads with pants for heavy incontinence. London, UK: Medical Devices Agency; 1998. Report No.: IN1.
		¹¹ Clarke-O'Neill S, Fader MJ, Pettersson L, Clinton L, Dean G, Malone-Lee J, et al. Disposable pads for light incontinence. London, UK: Medical Devices Agency; 2002. Report No.: IN9.
		¹² Cottenden A, Fader M, Beeckman D, Bliss D, Buckley B, Kitson-Reynolds E, et al. Management using Continence Products. In: Abrams P CL, Wein A, Wagg A, editor. Incontinence 6th International Consultation on Incontinence, Tokyo 2016. 6: ICS/ICUD; 2017
		¹³ International Standards Organization. ISO 11948-1: Urine-absorbing aids Part 1: Whole product testing. Geneva: International Standards Organization; 1996.
		¹⁴ Cottenden AM, Ledger DJ. Predicting the leakage performance of bodyworn disposable incontinence pads using laboratory tests. J Biomed Eng 1993 May;15(3):212-20.
		¹⁵ Cottenden AM, Fader MJ, Pettersson L, Brooks RJ. How well does ISO 11948-1 (the Rothwell method) for measuring the absorption capacity of incontinence pads in the laboratory correlate with clinical pad performance. Medical Engineering & Physics 25(7):603-13, 2003 Sep.
		¹⁶ Fernando J, Wagg A. What Wait Time in a Soiled Pad Is Acceptable to Older Patients and Their Direct Caregivers? J Wound Ostomy Continence Nurs. 2017;44(6):562-7
		¹⁷ Teerawattananon Y, Anothaisintawee T, Tantivess S, Watta- nadilokkul U, Krajaisri P, Yotphumee S, et al. EFFECTIVENESS OF DIAPERS AMONG PEOPLE WITH CHRONIC INCONTINENCE IN THAILAND. International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care. 2015;31(4):249-55
		¹⁸ Cottenden, A. An investigation of laboratory test methods for predicting the in-use leakage performance of urine-absorbing aids in nursing homes, . In: Macaulay, M, editors. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part H: Journal of Engineering in Medicine2019. p. 23-34.
040	The Environment	¹ Aumônier S, Collins M. Life cycle assessment of disposable and reusable nappies in the UK. London: Environmental Agency; 2005.
		² Wilks S, Morris N, Delgado D, Prieto J, Moore K, Macaulay M, et al. Development of an effective and acceptable cleaning method to allow safe re-use of plain, uncoated catheters for intermittent catheterisation. Neurourol Urodyn; 2016; 35 (S4): S449-51
		³ Macaulay M, Morris N, Wilks S, Delgado D, Prieto J, Fader M. A novel, evidence-based method for reprocessing catheters used for intermittent catheterisation. Neurourol Urodyn; 2016; 35 (S4): S463-5
		⁴ Cottenden A, Fader M, Beeckman D, Bliss D, Buckley B, Kitson-Reynolds E, et al. Management using Continence Products. In: Abrams P CL, Wein A, Wagg A, editor. Incontinence 6th International Consultation on Incontinence, Tokyo 2016. 6: ICS/ICUD; 2017
		⁵ Avery M, Prieto J, Okamoto I, Cullen S, Clancy B, Moore KN, Fader M. Reuse of intermittent catheters: a qualitative study of IC users’ perspectives. BMJ Open 2018;8:e021554. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-021554
		⁶ Buckley BS, Fader M, Macaulay M. Giving intermittent catheter users more choice. Br J Gen Pract 2015; 65 (637):419
		⁷ Willskytt S, Tillman A-M. Resource efficiency of consumables – Life cycle assessment of incontinence products. Resources, Conservation & Recycling. 2019;144:13-23
044	Toileting Aids for Men	¹ Pomfret I, Vickerman J, Tonge P. Introducing a hand-held urinal service in secondary care. Nursing Times 101(18):68, 70-1, 2005 May 3;-9.
		² Vickerman J. Selecting urinals for male patients. Nursing Times 102(19):47-8, 2006 May 9;-15.
		³ Vickerman J. The benefits of a lending library for female urinals. Nursing Times 99(44):56-7, 2003 Nov 4;-10.
		⁴ Wells T, Brink C. Urinary continence/incontinence: What's available to make life pleasanter for patients and staff. Geriatr Nurs 1980 Nov; 1(4):264-9, 276
		⁵ Naylor JR, Mulley GP. Commodes: inconvenient conveniences. BMJ 1993 Nov 13;307(6914):1258-60.
		⁶ Cottenden A, Fader M, Beeckman D, Bliss D, Buckley B, Kitson-Reynolds E, et al. Management using Continence Products. In: Abrams P CL, Wein A, Wagg A, editor. Incontinence 6th International Consultation on Incontinence, Tokyo 2016. 6: ICS/ICUD; 2017
		⁷ MacIntosh J. Realising the potential of urinals for women. Journal of Community Nursing 1998;12(8):14-8.
		⁸ Gattinger H, Werner B, Saxer S. Patient experiences with bedpans in acute care: a cross-sectional study. J Clin Nurs. 2013; 22 (15-16): 2216-24.
		⁹ Fader MJ, Pettersson L, Clinton L, Dean G, Brooks R, Cottenden A. Basic commodes: a comparative evaluation. Medical Devices Agency; 2004. Report No.: A5.
		¹⁰ Gillan J. Seat of the motions. Nursing Times 1999;95:26.
		¹¹ Bucior H, Cochrane J. Lifting the lid: a clinical audit on commode cleaning. Journal of Infection Prevention 2010.
		¹² Nazarko L. Commode design for frail and disabled people. Prof Nurse 1995 Nov;11(2):95-7.
		¹³ Ballinger C, Pain H, Pascoe J, Gore S. Choosing a commode for the ward environment. Br J Nurs 1996 Apr 25;5(8):485-500.
		¹⁴ Sim S, Barr CJ, George S. Comparison of equipment prescriptions in the toilet/bathroom by occupational therapists using home visits and digital photos, for patients in rehabilitation. Australian Occupational Therapy Journal. 2015;62(2):132-40.
		¹⁵ Kennedy MJ, Arcelus A, Guitard P, Goubran RA, Sveistrup H. Toilet Grab-Bar Preference and Center of Pressure Deviation During Toilet Transfers in Healthy Seniors, Seniors With Hip Replacements, and Seniors Having Suffered a Stroke. Assistive Technology. 2015;27(2):78-87
		¹⁶ Lee SJ, Sanford J, Calkins M, Melgen S, Endicott S, Phillips A. Beyond ADA Accessibility Requirements: Meeting Seniors’ Needs for Toilet Transfers. Health Environments Re- search & Design Journal (HERD) (Sage Publications, Ltd). 2018;11(2):32-44.
		¹⁷ Lee SJ, Mehta-Desai R, Oh K, Sanford J, Prilutsky BI. Effects of bilateral swing-away grab bars on the biomechanics of stand-to-sit and sit-to-stand toilet transfers. Disability & Rehabilitation: Assistive Technology. 2019;14(3):292-300. 62
		¹⁸ Niwa LMS, Radovich NMF, Ciosak SI. Safe Embrace: technological innovation for elderly safety in the use of toilets. Revis- ta Brasileira de Enfermagem. 2018:2833-6
045	Clothing, odour control and skin care for men	¹ Getliffe K, Fader M, Cottenden A, Jamieson K, Green N. Absorbent products for incontinence: “treatment effects” and impact on quality of life. J Clin Nurs. 2007; 16 (10):1936-45.
		² Cottenden A, Fader M, Beeckman D, Bliss D, Buckley B, Kitson-Reynolds E, et al. Management using Continence Products. In: Abrams P CL, Wein A, Wagg A, editor. Incontinence 6th International Consultation on Incontinence, Tokyo 2016. 6: ICS/ICUD; 2017
		³ Buckley B. User perspectives, preferences and priorities relating to products for managing bladder and bowel dysfunctions. J Engineering in Medicine 2017 DOI: 10.1177/0954411917750193
		⁴ Norton CS. Nursing for continence, 2nd Edition. 1996 Beaconsfield Publishers, UK
		⁵ Black JM, Gray M, Bliss DZ et al. MASD Part 2: Incontinence- associated dermatitis and intertriginous dermatitis. A consensus. J Wound Ostomy Continence Nurs 2011; 38(4):359–370.
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